Weiter zum Inhalt

Trends of development in Arabic dialectology in the 20th century: A survey


Seiten 42 - 66

DOI https://doi.org/10.13173/zeitarabling.54.0042




The existence of Arabic dialects was not unknown to the classical Arab grammarians at least since SIBAWAYHI's Al-Kitāb in the 8th century CE (SIBAWAYHI — DERENBOURG 1970). The study of Arabic dialects has developed immensely especially since the beginning of the 20th century. Our goal in this study is to summarize topics that deserve further study. For this goal we scan much of the existing literature of Arabic dialectology in the 20th century, and describe their main areas. We first compare GvG (BROCKELMANN 1908, 1913) with the recent EALL (VERSTEEGH 2006–2009). Even the difference between these works reflects development trends of Arabic dialectology. Next, we focus on research methods developed during this century, often following general linguistics trends. Among the new fields we note dialect geography, sociolinguistic dialect studies, Arabic diglossia issues, acoustic phonetics, and applied (computerized) dialect studies. As the development of Arabic dialects in the 20th century is considered mainly due to demographic shifts in the Middle East and North Africa, we suggest special attention be paid to sociolinguistics.

Swantech, Sound Waves Analysis and Technologies Ltd., 89 Hagalil St., Haifa 32684, Israel. .

1 ACQUILINA, J. (1961/1997): Papers in Maltese Linguistics. Valetta, Malta: The University of Malta.

2 AGIUS, D.A. (1996): Siculo Arabic. London: Kegan Paul International.

3 ALGHAMDI, M. (2003): KACST Arabic Phonetic Database. Proceedings of the Fifteenth International Congress of Phonetics Science, Barcelona 2003. Barcelona, 3109–3112.

4 AL-MANIE, A., M.I. ALKANHAL and M.M. AL-GHAMDI (2009): Automatic speech segmentation using the Arabic phonetic database. In: Recent Advances in Electrical Engineering, Proceedings of the 10th WSEAS international, Prague, Czech Republic, March 23–25, 2009. Stevens Point, Wisconsin, USA: WSEAS, 76–79.

5 AL-MAʿTUQ, A.M. (2005): The Third Language Theory: A Study of the Intermediate Arabic Language Problem. Casablanca: The Arab Cultural center (in Arabic).

6 AL-ANI, S. (1970): Arabic Phonology: An Acoustical and Physiological Investigation. The Hague: Mouton.

7 ATAWNEH, A. (1990): Code-Mixing in Arabic-English bilinguals. In: Perspectives on Arabic Linguistics, IV, Amsterdam: Benjamins, 219–241.

8 BACCOUCHE, T. and S. MEJRI (2004): L'Atlas Linguistique De Tunisie: Les Questionnaires. Ambassade de France en Tunisie.

9 BARKAT, M. (2000): Détermination d'indices acoustiques pour l'identification automatique des parlers arabes. Unpubl. Diss., Université de Lyon 2, 2000.

10 BAUER, L (1933): Wörterbuch des Palästinischen Arabisch: Deutsch-Arabisch. Leipzig: Ballmann, Jerusalem: Einrichtens Weisenhaus.

11 BEHNSTEDT, P. (1987): Die Dialekte der Gegend von Saʿdah (Nord Jemen). Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

12 BEHNSTEDT, P. (1997): Sprachatlas von Syrien. Kartenband. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

13 BEHNSTEDT, P. (2000): Sprachatlas von Syrien. II: Volkskundliche Texte. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz.

14 BEHNSTEDT, P. (2006): Dialect Geography. In: K. VERSTEEGH (ed.): EALL, vol. I: 583–593.

15 BEHNSTEDT, P. and M. BENABBOU (2005): Données nouvelles sur les parlers arabes du Nord-Est Marocain. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 44: 17–70.

16 BEHNSTEDT, P. and M. WOIDICH (1983): Karte A VIII 12. Ägypten – Arabische Dialekte. Herausgegeben vom Sonderforschungsbereich 19, Tübinger Atlas des Vorderen Orients (TAVO) der Universität Tübingen. Wiesbaden.

17 BEHNSTEDT, P. and M. WOIDICH (1985): Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte, vol. 1: Einleitung und Anmerkungen zu den Karten. Vol. 2: Dialektatlas von Ägypten. Wiesbaden: L. Reichert.

18 BEHNSTEDT, P. and M. WOIDICH (1987): Die ägyptisch-arabischen Dialekte, vol. 3. Texte. I. Deltadialekte. Wiesbaden.

19 BEHNSTEDT, P. and M. WOIDICH (2005): Arabische Dialektgeographie – Eine Einführung. Brill: Leiden.

20 BENKIRANE, TH. (2000): Intonation in Western Arabic (Morocco). In: D. HIRST and A. DI CRISTO (eds.): Intonation Systems. A Survey of Twenty Languages. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 345–359.

21 BENTAHILA, A. and E.D. DAVIES (1983): The syntax of Arabic-French codeswitching. Lingua 59: 301–330.

22 BENTAHILA, A. and E.D. DAVIES (1994): Two Languages, three varieties: code-switching patterns of bilingual children. In: G. EXTRA and L. VERHOEVEN (eds.) The cross-Linguistic Study of Bilingual Development, Amsterdam/Oxford/New York/Tokyo: North-Holland, 133–128.

23 BERGSTRAESSER, G. (1915): Sprachatlas von Syrien und Palästina. Leipzig: J.C. Hinrichs.

24 BIADSY, F., N. HABASH and J. HIRSCHBERG (2009): Improving the Arabic Pronunciation Dictionary for Phone and Word Recognition with Linguistically-Based Pronunciation Rules. In: Proceedings of the North American Association for Computational Linguistics (NAACL). Boulder, Colorado, USA, 397–405.

25 BLANC, H. (1960): Stylistic variation in spoken Arabic: A sample of interdialectal educated conversation. In: C.A. FERGUSON (ed.): Contributions to Arabic Linguistics. Cambridge, Mass: Harvard University, 81–156.

26 BLANC, H. (1964): Communal Dialects in Baghdad. Cambridge, Mass.

27 BLANC, H. (1975): Linguistics among the Arabs. In: T.A. SEBEOK (ed.): Current Trends in Linguistics, Historiography of Linguistics, 13. The Hague, Paris: Mouton, 1205–1283.

28 BORG, A. (1978): A historical and comparative phonology and morphology of Maltese. Ph.D. dissertation, Jerusalem: The Hebrew University.

29 BROCKELMANN, C. (1908, 1913): Grundriss der vergleichenden Grammatik der semitischen Sprachen, 2 Vols. Hildesheim: Olms.

30 BROSELOW, E. (2008): Stress-Epenthesis Interactions. Rules, Constraints and Phonological Phenomena. Oxford Scholarship Online Monographs, 121–149.

31 CAMILLERI, A. and M. VANHOVE (1994): A Phonetic and Phonological Description of the Maltese Dialect of Mgharr (Malta). Zeitschrift für arabische Linguistik, 28: 87–110.

32 CANTINEAU, J. (1940–1946): Les Parlers Arabes du Horan. 2 Vols. Paris: C. Klincksieck.

33 CARD, E. (1983): A phonetic and phonological study of Arabic emphasis. PhD dissertation, Cornell University, Ithaca NY.

34 CARUANA, S. (2007): Maltese in the EU: a case of linguistic “Europeanisation”? Paper read at the conference Maltese Linguistics/Lingwistika Maltija, 18–20.10.2007, Bremen University, Germany.

35 CHAHAL, D. (2001): Modeling the Intonation of Lebanese Arabic using the Autosegmental-Metrical Framework: A Comparison with English. Dissertation, University of Melbourne, Australia.

36 CHAMBERS, J.K. (2003): Sociolinguistics of immigration. In: D. BRITAIN and J. CHESHIRE (eds.): Social Dialectology: In honour of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam, Philadelphia. John Benjamins Publishing Co., 97–114.

37 COHEN, M. (1912): Le Parler Arabe des Juifs d'Alger. Paris: H. Champion.

38 CORRIENTE, F. (1977): A Grammatical Sketch of the Spanish Arabic Dialect Bundle. Madrid: Instituto Hispano-Arabe de Cultura, Direccion General de Relaciones Culturales.

39 CORRIENTE, F. (1997): A dictionary of Andalusi Arabic. Leiden: Brill.

40 COULTHARD, M. and JOHNSON, A. (2007): An Introduction to Forensic Linguistics: Language in Evidence. London: Routledge.

41 DITTERS, D.E. (1999): The description of Modern Standard Arabic Syntax in terms of Functions and Categories. TCMO, Nijmegen University, Holland.

42 DITTERS, E. (2004): A Formal Approach to Literary Arabic. Amsterdam: Rodopi.

43 EADES, D., H. FRASER, J. SIEGEL, T. MCNAMARA and B. BAKER (2003): Linguistic identification in the determination of nationality: A preliminary report. Language Policy, Vol. 2 (2): 179–199.

44 EMBARKI, M. (1996): Le discours spontané en arabe marocain: mise en évidence de stratégies discursives individuelles dans l'interaction. Université Paul Valéry – Montpellier 3, France.

45 EMBARKI, M. (2008): Emergence et développement de la différenciation de genre entre 7 et 18 ans: perception de stimuli en arabe marocain en milieu scolaire à Ksar el Kébir. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 190: 121–143.

46 EMBARKI, M. and M. ENNAJI (2011): Modern Trends in Arabic Dialectology. Trenton, NJ: Red Sea Publications.

47 FABER, A. (1997): Genetic subgrouping of the Semitic Languages. In: R. HETZRON (ed.) The Semitic Languages. London and New York: Routledge, 3–15.

48 FASHAL, M. (1986): Duration of the units of speech of Egyptian colloquial Arabic. MA thesis, The University of Alexandria.

49 FEGHALI, M. (1919): Le Parler de Kfar ʿAbida (Liban-Syrie). Paris: Klincksieck.

50 FEGHALI, M. (1935): Contes, Légendes, Coutumes Populaires du Liban et de la Syrie. Paris: Librairie d'Amerique et d'Orient, A. Maisonneuve.

51 FERGUSON, C.A. (1959): Diglossia. Word, 15: 325–340.

52 FERGUSON, G. (2008a): Multilingual Sheffield In: KENNER, C. and T. HICKEY (eds.) (2008): Multilingual Europe: Diversity and Learning, Stoke on Trent UK: Trentham Books, 21–25.

53 FERGUSON, G. (2008b): Yemenis in Sheffield: a vignette of a diasporic community In: KENNER, C. and T. HICKEY (eds.) (2008): Multilingual Europe: Diversity and Learning. Stoke on Trent UK: Trentham Books, 26–28.

54 GHAZELI, S. (1981): La coarticulation de l'emphase en arabe. Arabica, 28: 251–277.

55 GIBBSON, F.E. (2008): Yemen in Europe. In: KENNER and HICKEY (eds.): Multilingual Europe: Diversity and Learning. Stoke on Trent UK: Trentham Books, 26–27, 28–30.

56 HABASH, N.Y. (2010): Introduction to Arabic Natural Language Processing: Synthesis Lectures on Human Language Technologies. San Rafael, CA, USA: Morgan Claypool Publishers.

57 HAJIĆ, J. and P. ZEMANEK (2004): Prague Arabic dependency treebank: Development in data and tools. In: Proceedings of the NEMLAR International Conference on Arabic Language Resources and Tools. Cairo, 110–117.

58 AL-HARBI, L.M. (1991): Formal analysis of intonation: the case of the Kuwaiti dialect of Arabic. PhD dissertation, Herriott-Watt University, Edinburgh.

59 HARDCASTLE, W.J., J. LAVER and F.E. GIBBON, (eds.) (2009): The Handbook of Phonetic Sciences (2nd ed.). Chichester, UK: Wiley-Blackwell.

60 HEATH, J. (2002): Jewish and Muslim Dialects of Moroccan Arabic. Richmond: Curzon.

61 HAERI, N. (1997): The Sociolinguistic Market of Cairo: Gender, Class, and Education. London: Kegan Paul International.

62 HAERI, N. (2003): Sacred Language, Ordinary People: Dilemmas of Culture and Politics in Egypt. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

63 HELLMUTH, S. (2006): Intonational pitch accent distribution in Egyptian Arabic. Unpublished PhD thesis, SOAS.

64 HENKIN, R. (1996): Negev Bedouin vs. Sedentary Palestinian narrative styles. Israel Oriental Studies, 16, 169–191.

65 HENKIN, R. (2001): Women's Oral Narrative Styles in Palestinian Arabic – Bedouin and rural. Proceedings of an International Conference on Middle Eastern Popular Culture. Oxford, 2000, 56–65.

66 HOLES, C. (2004): Modern Arabic: Structures, Functions, and Varieties. Washington, D.C.: Georgetown University Press.

67 HOLLIEN, H. (1990): The Acoustics of Crime: The New Science of Forensic Phonetics. New York: Plenum Press.

68 HUSSEIN, R.F., SHORRAB G.A. (1993): Syntactic constraints on the code switching of the Arabic English bilinguals. International Review of Applied Linguistic in Language Teaching (IRAL), 31(3): 236–241.

69 KAMPFFMEYER, G. (1912): Marokkanische arabische Gespräche im Dialekt von Casablanca. Berlin: Druck und Verlag Georg Reimer.

70 KAYE, A.S. (1990): Sociolinguistic and Dialectological Variation in Language. Review article of: N. DITTMAR and P. SCHLOBINSKI (eds.) 1988: The Sociolinguistics of urban Vernaculars: Case Studies and their Evaluation. Berlin: Walter de Gruyter. Language Sciences, 12 (4): 393–407.

71 KAYE, A.S. and G.H. CANNON (1994): The Arabic Contributions to the English Language: A Historical Dictionary. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz-Verlag.

72 KENNER, C. and T. HICKEY, (eds.) (2008): Multilingual Europe: Diversity and Learning. Stoke on Trent UK: Trentham Books.

73 KHATTAB, G. (2008): Durational cues for gemination in Lebanese Arabic. Langues et Linguistique, 22: 49–55.

74 KONTRA, M. (2003): Changing mental maps and morphology: Divergence caused by international border changes. In: D. BRITAIN and J. CHESHIRE (eds.): Social Dialectology: In honour of Peter Trudgill. Amsterdam, Philadelphia: John Benjamins Publishing Co., 173–190.

75 KOWNER, R. and J. ROSENHOUSE (2008): Introduction. Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages. Multilingual Matters, 1–3. Clevedon, UK.

76 MCDAVID, R.I. Jr. (author), edited by W.A. KRETZSCHMAR with the assistance of J.B. MCMILLAN (1979): Dialects in culture: Essays in general dialectology. Tuscaloosa, AL: University of Alabama Press.

77 KRUMBACHER, K. (1902): Das Problem der neugriechischen Schriftsprache. Munich: Verlag der Akademie.

78 LABOV, W. (1972): Language in the Inner City: Studies in the Black English Vernacular. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press.

79 Labov, W. (2007): Quantitative reasoning in Linguistics. In: AUER, P. (ed.): Handbook of Multilingualism and Multilingual Communication. Berlin: Mouton/De Gruyter.

80 LDC (Linguistic Data Consortium): http://www.ldc.upenn.edu.

81 MAAMOURI, M., A. BIES, S. KULICK, S. KROUNA, F. GADDECHE, W. ZAGHOUANI (2010): Arabic Treebank: Part 3 v 3.2. LDC Catalog No.: LDC2010T08 Release date: 19.04.2010.

82 MARÇAIS, W. (1908): Le dialecte arabe des Ulad Brahim de Saida (département d'Oran). Paris: H. Champion.

83 MARÇAIS, W. (1930): La diglossie arabe. L'Enseignement Publique, 97: 20–39.

84 MARÇAIS, W. and A. GUIGA (1925): Textes arabes de Takrouna. Paris: Impr. Nationale.

85 MAUR-SOMMERFELD, A. (2008): Bilingualism and biliteracy as the norm: Arabic/Hebrew bilingual schools in Israel from a socio-political perspective. In: CH. KENNER and T. HICKEY (eds.): Multilingual Europe: Diversity and Learning. Trent on Stoke, UK: Trentham Books, 130–135.

86 MAZRAANI, N. (1997): Aspects of Language Variation in Arabic Political Speech-Making. Surrey: Curzon.

87 MCCARTHY, J.J. and A. PRINCE (1990): Foot and word in prosodic morphology: The Arabic broken plurals. Natural Language and Linguistic Theory, 8(2): 209–283.

88 MCDAVID, R.I. Jr. (1979): Post vocalic –r in South Carolina: A social analysis. In: MCDAVID, R.I. Jr.: Dialects in Culture: Essays in General dialectology, ed. by W.A. KRETZSCHMAR Jr. et al. Tuscaloosa, Alabama: University of Alabama Press, 136–142.

89 MEISELES, G. (1980): Educated Spoken Arabic and the Arabic Language Continuum. Archivum Linguisticum, 11(2): 117–148.

90 MILLER, C. (2008): Arabic urban vernaculars: Development and change. In: C. MILLER, E. AL-WER, D. CAUBET and J.C.E. WATSON (eds.): Arabic in the city. Issues in Dialect Contact and Language Variation, London and New York: Routledge, 1–31.

91 MITCHELL, T.F. (1986): What is educated spoken Arabic? International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 61 (91): 7–32.

92 MUYSKEN, P. (2000): Bilingual Speech: A Typology of Code Mixing. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

93 NEVO, M. (2007): Notes on the Arabic Dialect of Iksāl. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 46: 26–58.

94 NORTIER, J. (2008): The Netherlands and Utrecht. In: KENNER and HICKEY (eds.): Multilingual Europe: Diversity and Learning. Stoke on Trent UK: Trentham Books, 15–20.

95 OBRECHT, D. (1968): Effects of the second formant on the perception of velarization consonants in Arabic. The Hague: Mouton.

96 OWENS, J. (2008): Close encounters of a different kind: Two types of insertion in Nigerian Arabic code switching. In: C. MILLER, E. AL-WER, D. CAUBET and J.C.E. WATSON (eds.): Arabic in the city. Issues in Dialect contact and Language Variation, London and New York: Routledge, 249–274.

97 PROCHAZKA, S. (1993): Die Präpositionen in den neuarabischen Dialekten. Wien: Dissertationen der Universität Wien.

98 ROSE, P. (2002): Forensic Speaker Identification. London and New York: Taylor and Francis.

99 ROSENBAUM, G. (1995): Fusha within dramatic dialogue written in the colloquial. Israel Oriental Studies, 15: 143–176.

100 ROSENBAUM, G. (2000): Fushāmiiyya: Alternating style in Egyptian prose. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 38: 68–87.

101 ROSENBAUM, G. (2004): Egyptian Arabic as a written language. Jerusalem Studies in Arabic and Islam, 29: 281–340.

102 ROSENHOUSE, J. (1984): The Bedouin Arabic Dialects: General Characteristics and a Detailed Study of North Israel Bedouin Dialects. Harrassowitz Verlag: Wiesbaden.

103 ROSENHOUSE, J. (1998): Women's speech and language variation in Arabic dialects. Al-ʿArabiyya, 31: 123–152.

104 ROSENHOUSE, J. (2007): Arabic Phonetics at the Beginning of the 3rd Millenium. In: TROUVAIN, J. and W. BARRY (eds.): Proceedings of the 16th ICPhS Conference, Saarbrücken, Germany, August 2007, 131–134.

105 ROSENHOUSE, J. (2008a): Arabic phonetics: A survey. In: M. EMBARKI (ed.): La Langue Arabe et ses Variétés: Aspects Phonétiques et Prosodiques/Arabic and its Varieties: Phonetic and Prosodic Aspects, Langue et Linguistique/Language and Linguistics, 22: 1–15.

106 ROSENHOUSE, J. (2008b): Arabic Female Speech Revisited: Updates of Research in the Last Decade. Paper presented at AIDA 2008 (August). Colchester, Essex University, UK.

107 ROSENHOUSE, J. (2010): LADO and Arabic: The case of Iraqi Arabic as an introduction to the Middle East. In: K. ZWAAN, M. VERRIPS and P. MUYSKEN (eds.): Language and Origin – The Role of Language in European Asylum Procedures: Linguistic and Legal Perspectives. Nijmegen: Wolf Legal Publishers, 145–156.

108 ROSENHOUSE, J. and N. DBAYYAT (2006) ‘Gender switch’ in Female Speech in an Arabic Dialect in Israel: A contribution to the study of urbanization in Arabic dialects. Anthropological Linguistics, 48 (2) 169–186.

109 ROSENHOUSE, J. and R. KOWNER (2008a): Conclusion: Features of borrowing from English in 12 languages. Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters, 276–295.

110 ROSENHOUSE, J. and R. KOWNER (2008b): Globally Speaking: Motives for Adopting English Vocabulary in Other Languages. Clevedon, UK: Multilingual Matters.

111 SADIQI, F. (2003): Women, gender, and Language in Morocco. Leiden: Brill.

112 SAKHR (2010a): http://www.sakhr.com/products/TTS/.

113 SAKHR USA (2010b): http://www.sakhrusa.com/about-sakhr-usa.html.

114 SAKHR (2010c): http://www.sakhrusa.com/arabic-speech-recognition-and-arabic-TTS.html.

115 SCHMIDT, H. and P. KAHLE (1918, 1930): Volkserzählungen aus Palästina, gesammelt bei den Bauern von Bir-Zet und in Verbindung mit Dschirius Jusif in Jerusalem. Göttingen: Vandenhoeck und Ruprecht (2 Vols.).

116 SHAALAN KH., AZZA ABDEL MONEM, A. RAFEA and H. BARAKA (2007): Generating Arabic Text from Interlingua. In: A. FARGHALY and K. MEGERDOOMIAN (eds.): Proceedings of the 2nd Workshop on Computational Approaches to Arabic Script-based Languages. Linguistic Institute, Stanford, California, USA. July 21–22, 2007, pp. 137–144.

117 SHRAYBOM-SHIVTIEL, S. (1995): The role of the colloquial in the Renaissance of standard Arabic: Language as a mirror of social change. Israel Oriental Studies, 15: 207–215.

118 SIBAWAYHI (1970): Le Livre de Sibawayhi (Texte Arabe Publié par H. DERENBOURG), Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag.

119 SMRŽ, O. and P. ZEMANEK (2002): Sherds from an Arabic Treebanking Mosaic. The Prague Bulletin of Mathematical Linguistics 78 (14 pp. – on the internet site of the Prague Arabic Dependency Treebank project, Charles University, Prague).

120 SOCIN, A. and H. STUMME (1900): Diwan aus Centralarabien. Hildesheim: Georg Olms Verlag.

121 TALAY, S. (2008): Qabilat Tayy – der arabische Stamm der Tayy in Syirien und seine Sprache. In: S. PROCHAZKA and V. RITT-BEN-MIMOUN (eds.): Between the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Studies on contemporary Arabic Dialects. Proceedings of the 7th AIDA conference, Vienna 5–9 September 2006. Neue Beihefte zur Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 4, Vienna, Berlin: Lit Verlag, 437–445.

122 TALMON, R. (2000): Preparation of the northern Israeli Arabic sprachatlas: A report. In: A. YOUSSI, F. BENJELLOUN, M. DAHBI and Z. IRAQISINACEUR (eds.): Aspects of the Dialects of Arabic Today: Proceedings of the 4th conference of the international Arabic dialectology Association (AIDA), Marrakesh, Apr. 1–4, 2000, In Honour of Professor David Cohen, Rabat: Institutes, 68–77.

123 TRUDGILL, P. (1974): The Social Differentiation of English in Norwich. London: Cambridge University Press.

124 VANHOVE, M. (1993): La langue maltaise: Etudes Syntaxiques d'un Dialecte Arabe “périférique”. Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz Verlag.

125 VERSTEEGH, K. (1997): The Arabic Language. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press.

126 VERSTEEGH, K. (2002): Dead or alive? The status of the Standard Language. In: J.N. ADAMS, M. JANSE and S. SWAIN (eds.): Bilingualism in Ancient society and the Written Text. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 52–74.

127 VERSTEEGH, K. (Chief Ed.) (2006–2009): Encyclopedia of Arabic Language and Linguistics. Leiden: Brill, 4 Vols.

128 VICENTE, A. (2008): Two cases of Moroccan Arabic in the diaspora. In: C. MILLER, E. AL-WER, D. CAUBET and J.C.E. WATSON (eds.): Arabic in the city. Issues in Dialect contact and Language Variation. London and New York: Routledge, 123–143.

129 WALTERS, K. (1996): Diglossia, linguistic variation, and language change in Arabic. Perspective on Arabic Linguistics, 8: 157–197.

130 WERNER J. (2003): Ein arabischer Text aus dem Wadi Ram/Jordanien – Bestandsaufnahme alltäglicher sprachlicher Verwirrung am Beispiel eines beduinischen Sprechers. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 42: 53–79.

131 WOIDICH, M. and P. BEHNSTEDT (1980): Zum Sprachatlas von Ägypten. Zeitschrift für Arabische Linguistik, 5: 176–192.

132 YODA, S. (2008): On the vowel system of the al-Mahdiyya dialect of Central Tunisia. In: S. PROCHAZKA and V. RITT-BEN-MIMOUN (eds.): Between the Atlantic and Indian oceans, Studies on contemporary Arbaic Dialects. Proceedings of the 7th AIDA conference, Vienna 5–9 September 2006. Neue Beihefte zur Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes, Vol. 4. Vienna, Berlin: Lit Verlag, 483–490.

133 ZAWAYDEH, B.A. (1999): The phonetics and phonology of gutturals in Arabic. PhD dissertation, Indiana University.

Empfehlen


Export Citation